From: Neuroprotective therapies for multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases
Pathway | Molecule | Candidate drugs |
---|---|---|
Trophic factors | BDNF, IGF-1, CNTF, etc. | rhBNDF, rhIGF-1, rhCNTF, etc., CERE-110 (AAV2-NGF) |
Mitochondria dysfunction and energy depletion | Cytochrome C, ATP | Resveratrol, Rosiglitazone, Pioglitazone, Troglitazone, Bezafibrate (PPARγ activator) |
Ion channel | Sodium, Potassium or Calcium channels, Acid-Sensing Ion Channels | Phenitoin, Lamotrigin, Amiloride |
Oxidative stress | iNOS, Nerf2 | Dimethyl-Fumarate, Resveratrol, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Melatonin, Carnosine, Coenzyme-Q, Idebenone, Carotenoids |
Excitotoxicity | Glutamate | Memantine, Riluzole |
Demyelination | MOG, Lingo-1 | BIIB003, Clemastine benztropine, miconazole and clobetasol |
Axonal transport | Dynamin, kinesin, microtubules | Epothilone B |
Inhibitory molecules axonal growth and myelination | Lingo-1, Nogo-A | BIIB003, GSK1223249 |
Apoptosis | Bcl2, Bim, Bax, Cytochrome C, Caspase-3 | Caspase or calpain inhibitors, Mynocycline |
Microglia M2 mediated neuroprotection | CD200, trophic factors (BDNF), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, TGFß) | Interferon-beta, Glatiramer acetate, Fumarate, Dimethyl-Fumarate, Mesenchymal stem cells |
Astrocyte mediated neuroprotection | Trophic factors, NAA, pyruvate, lactate | Pentamidine, Methylthioadenosine, Fingolimod |